Socialization is extremely critical for human beings,
without it life would be dull. In 1938 it was an unfortunate but true case
study of this. A girl named Anna was
born to a mentally impaired woman that lived with her father. She was sent
countless of places but was then returned home due to financial restraints. She
was then forced into the attic and was given only enough milk to live on and
lived there until she was five. She wasn’t given no affection, no smiles, no
hugs, or anything else, just coldness. Luckily, social workers saved the girl
and sociologist Kingsley Davis went
to see the girl immediately once he heard of the tragedy. The girl was completely unresponsive, he
reported and she did not laugh nor speak. However, with some help and guidance
the girl did learn how to walk, speak a little, and even care for herself. However, she died at the young age of
10. This is an example of how lack of
socialization can harm someone both physically and mentally. The term socialization refers to the way humans
adapt to their surroundings and learn their culture. Unlike animals that
behavior is biologically programmed, humans learn and adopt over time. Social
experience and interacting with people is what helps forms an individual’s
personality or an individual’s consistent pattern such as emotions, thoughts,
and behavior. Animals generally tend to act similar such as a cat. A cat in America will usually act the same as a cat in Egypt ,
but the same can’t be applied to humans. We build a personality it just doesn’t
come automatically to us, and we build it by our surroundings but as the case I
mentioned earlier, without socialization a personality doesn’t form. In Anna
case it is defiantly clear that humans depend on other people to not only
mature physically, but mentally. About a century ago it was believed that
people was born with certain instincts that would form personality and
behavior. An example is Charles Darwin’s
theory of evolution that led people
to think this. The US
economic system led some people to believe that some behaviors just occurred
“naturally,” such as some people are born criminals, or women tend to think
more emotionally while men think more rationally. People also used this thinking
for centuries to justify their “ethnocentric”
view on society. They claimed that members of a technologically inadequate
society were not as biologically evolved as they were so they were viewed as
being less human. Why not exploit others if they seem to be less evolved and
not as human as us? You can obviously see the flaw in this. In the twentieth
century a psychologist who helped explained behavior clearer is known as John B Watson, and developed the theory
of behaviorism. This refuted the
theory mentioned above and stated that behavior was not something that people
are born with, but more learned by their surroundings. He also stated that
people around the globe are equally human beings, just they share different
cultures and that behavior can be correlated to not nature, but more with
nurture. However, that does not mean
that biology does not play any part of behavior. Most people usually share biological traits with their parents such as height
and hair color, and their parents genetic makeup could influence their
intelligence and artistic talents such as art or music. But, as again it deals
with socialization, and individual can’t develop a personality without
interacting so children tend to pick up habits from their parents through years
of socialization. Also, it’s interesting to note that people brains can’t fully
develop if they didn’t utilize it when they were a child. So yes, it’s quite
important to get mysterious games and puzzles for your children so you can help
them develop a more elastic brain. So
avoiding people is not good for numerous of reasons. An interesting and classic
study was conducted by psychologist Harry and Margaret Harlow using
monkeys. It would be illegal to use
human beings for a study like this. Since monkeys show the closest correlation
to human beings than they were used for this experiment. The experiments
included testing monkeys in various environments and comparing the results to
one another. When a baby monkey was
placed in complete isolation (except for food and nutrients) for six months
they reported some deformities in their development. They found that when they
returned to their group that they were extremely fearful and subservient. They
then placed a baby monkey in cage with an “artificial mother,” and this mother
was made of wire and had a wooden head, and a feeding tube for a nipple. These
monkeys also showed some deformities because when they were placed back in
their group they were unable to interact properly. However, for the last experiment a baby
monkey was placed in a cage with an artificial mother made of “soft cloth,”
than the monkey held on to the artificial mother very closely and show very
little sociological deformities. So what was the difference between the
artificial mothers? Well, with the hard wired one the monkey was unable to hold
on to the mother because it was rough and didn’t give back. However, with the
soft artificial mother the baby monkey held on to it very deeply because it was
soft more like the way a mother is and
it developed a bond with it. So, this experiment confirms how important
it is for infants to receive love and hugs so that they can develop properly.
It’s also interested to note that the psychologists studied that the infants
can recover from as much as three months of isolation, but around six months
the behavior was noted to be “irreversible.” Like the story I mentioned earlier
with Anna, after ten days the sociologist visited her she showed immediate
improvement and even smiled. A year later she show some slow but steady
progress showing some interest in objects and people and even teaching herself
how to walk. About six months later she could take care of herself such as
feeding and even played with toys. Even though she showed drastic improvement
by the age eight she showed the mental development of that of a two year old,
and at the age ten she died of a blood deformity. This is evidence that some
things are irreversible but this statement can easily be argued. As noted earlier she was born to a mentally
disabled mother so that could have stunted her developing process even greater
and the mystery remains unsolved even to this day. A more up to date case of child isolation
took placed when a California
girl was tied up in a dark garage in a basement. The girl name was Genie and
when she was saved at the age of thirteen she weighed only about sixty pounds.
She had the mental capacity to that of a one year old, and her language remains
that of a young child. Today she lives in a home of mental disabled adults. This
is evidence that socialization is
crucial for the development of humans and animals for that matter. Human beings
can sometimes recover from damage but to what extent is the answer, and I will
assume it will remain the same because every individual is different.
Showing posts with label Hacking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hacking. Show all posts
Posted by Nandy on 8:00 AM
To make sure that financial statements are easy to
understand, there is a set of rules and practices that is established, which is
known as the generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP). This has been developed to provide a basic
guideline for the rules of accounting because I think it’s fair to say that it
can get confusing at times. There are a lot of variations to the meaning so
here is the best answer. It’s the generally
accepted accounting rules and procedures that are necessary to define
accounting practice. Basically it’s a set of theories that accountants come to
accept, and there are always controversies with some methods between
accountants like any other field of study. Accounting is a discipline that is
always growing and changing so it’s a good idea to keep up to date with all of
the trends that are going on. Since the management prepares the financial
statements of a company it is possible that a financial statement can be
altered to give a company a particular boost. So, that’s why the companies that
sell their ownership to the public needs to get their financial statements
audited by a public certified accountant. A certified public accountant (CPA) are licensed through the sate for
the same exact reason lawyers and doctors are, so they and protect the public
by providing the highest quality of professional service possible. The reason why CPAs are used is because they
have no connection with the company and are independent. They have zero financing
ties with the company. Some firms that employ a lot of certified public
accountants include Deloitte & Touch http://www.deloitte.com, KPMG http://www.us.kpmg.com/index.asp,
and PricewaterhouseCoopers http://www.pwcglobal.com/. An
accountant with no strings attached or is independent commonly performs an audit, which is evaluating a companies
financial statements, product, accounting systems, and records. The main purpose of an audit is to make sure
that the financial statements have been properly prepared according to the
excepted accounting rules. Keep in mind; since accounting is not a precise
science it has room for interpretation according to the GAPP. However, that doesn’t mean that the
accountants report should contain substantial errors in the financial report,
but more like that for the most report it is reliable for creditors to take a
look at. An accountant can make a
decision only when the financial statements conform to the guidelines of
GAAP. In the past creditors, banks, and
investors tend to favor an auditor when they are deciding to invest in a
company or give loans, because of their independence. The individualistic audit is an extremely
crucial factor in the growth of financial markets internationally. Also, many
organizations can directly or indirectly influence a GAAP. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) http://www.fasb.org/ is the most critical
body for the development and issuing of rules on accounting practice. The
website I previously listed is extremely critical and you can attend seminars
online for no cost, and also stay up to date with the rules. This independent body issues the Statements
of Financial Accounting Standards. Next, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) http://www.aicpa.org/index.htm is
the official professional association for certified accountants. It’s the
largest CPA organization that exists in America
and heavily influence accounting practices through its senior committees. The Securities and Exchange Commission is the
agency of the federal government that legally has the power to set and execute
accounting practices for companies that sell security to the public, and it has
a large impact on accounting practice.
Next, the governmental accounting
standard (GASB) http://www.gasb.org/ is critical for accounting because its main
job is to issue the standards for accounting to the local and state governments
in the United States . However, a lot of these organizations are
focused on the rules in regulations in the United States . There are a lot of
businesses and accountants internationally so that’s why the International Accounting Standard Board http://www.iasb.org/ (IASB) was
formed. It was approved by more then 25
international agencies. The U.S laws
that analyze the revenues for the cost of operating a business can also affect
accounting practice. It’s no question that the major provider for income for
the government comes from income tax. The income tax rules are heavily applies
by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
http://www.irs.gov/.
Sometimes these rules actually cause a conflict with the accepted rules of
accounting. A lot of businesses use accounting practices because it’s a
requirement by tax law. Also, companies
can use the rules of tax law to their advantage financially. Accounting also has laws of conduct for
profession, and one extremely important one is ethics.
- A nice website dealing with the issues of ethics is http://www.ethics.org/.
It touches bases on questions that help determine if
something is either right or wrong, and is based on moral decisions. Most
people are faced with several ethical issues each day and, and some ethical
activities could be on the range of illegal. If a business decides to use false
or misleading advertising, or to bribe customers into giving them testimonials
for a specific product, then they could be acting in an unethical manner. The ethics of a company could also be a
result of the employees so that’s why it’s always a good idea to run a
background check of who you are hiring, whether it’s online or offline. Professional
ethics is the guidelines that apply to the conduct of individuals of a
certain profession. Similar to the
ethical actions of a company, the ethical actions of an individual is a
decision. As being a member of an
organization, accountants have to take the responsibility not only to their
customers and employers, but also to the general public to act in the greatest
ethical way possible. Accountants are very good at following professional
ethics because they are the second professional group as having the largest
ethical standards, with clergy being the highest, no surprises about that one. It is important for individuals who decide to
become an accountant to have the highest levels of professionalism as possible.
To enforce that its prestigious members are following the rules, the AICPA
along with each state have adopted some codes of professional conduct that
certified public accountants have to follow.
Some simple rules are being responsible to the people that depend on the
trust of accountants, such as creditors and investors. When working with people
the accountant must act with integrity
which means that they are honest, and the individuals gain from the visit with
the accountant. The accountant must display objectivity which means that they
are intellectually honest, and they must remain independent which means that
they must avoid any relationship with the business or individual because it
will damage the accountant’s principles.
Posted by Nandy on 8:00 AM
It’s important to take the precautions to protect you and your products from information theft these days, because it’s getting easier and easier for people to share digital products. Information theft is a type of computer security risk and it’s defined as stealing an individual’s personal or confidential information. When this is stolen this can cause as much damage, or possibly more then hardware or software theft. Business or home users are both at risk of information theft. One example is a malicious individual stealing credit cards so they can make unauthorized purchases on another person’s account. If information is transmitted over a network then it has a very high chance for malicious users to intercept the information. Every computer in the path of your data can see what you send, and they can also see what you send. A lot of companies try to stop information from being stolen by applying some user identification and authentication controls. These constraints are best for protecting computers along a company’s premise. However, to protect information on the Internet and on networks, companies use a handful of encryption methods. Encryption refers to the process of converting data into an unreadable form. One type of encryption software is Obfuscated code which is a programming language that is extremely hard to read. Encrypted data is like any other data because you can send it through a lot of options, but to read it you must decrypt or decipher it into a more readable form. Throughout the encryption process, the unencrypted data or input is known as plaintext and the encrypted data, or output is known as ciphertext. To encrypt information, the programmer converts the plaintext into
ciphertext using some type of encryption key. An encryption key is the programmed formula that the person who receives the data uses to decrypt the ciphertext. There are a variety of encryption or algorithm methods. However, with an encryption key formula, you will be using more then one of these techniques. Some business use available software, while others develop their own. When an individual send information online such as through an email for example, they will never know who might intercept it, or to whom it could possibly be forwarded to. That’s why it’s not such a good idea to send confidential information online. However, an individual can help protect themselves by encrypting the information, or signing it digitally. Some very popular email encryption software is known as Pretty Good Piracy (PGP) and Centurion Soft Secure Protection. Pretty Good Piracy is known as freeware, which means that individuals can use it for their personal needs but not for commercial purposes. You can download this for no cost. A digital signature is a type of encrypted code that a individual, website, or company pastes to an electronic document to make sure that the individual is who they claim to be. The code will most likely consist of the user name and a hash of usually part of the message. A hash is a type of mathematical formula that generates content from a specific message, so it is different from a message. The recipient will have to generate a new hash from the received message and compares it from the one with the digital signature to make sure that they match appropriately. The main purpose behind using digital signatures is to make sure that it’s not a deceiver participating in the transaction. So, digital signatures help narrow down e-mail scams. A digital signature can also make sure that contents of a message have not been changed. A lot of web browsers use encryption that is regarded as 40 bit encryption, and this is a very low level. A variety of browsers also offer 128 bit encryption which has a higher level of protection because the encryption key is longer. Some important places that require extremely hire security like banks, and online retailers needs at least 128-bit encryption. A website that successfully uses encryption methods to secure information is known as a secure site. A secure site uses digital certificate with security protocol. The two most popular security protocols are secure sockets layer, and secure HTTP. A digital certificate is a notice that verifies that a user or a website is for real or not a scam. A lot of ecommerce websites will usually have digital certificates. A certificate authority (CA) is an authorized company or individual for that matter that has the ability to issue and verify digital certificates. There are several of websites that offer a digital certificate. Some popular ones are
Verisign http://www.verisign.com
Godaddy www.godaddy.com
Digicert http://www.digicert.com
Thawte http://www.thawte.com
The digital certificate will usually contain information such as the username and the serial number of the certificate. By the way, the information in the digital certificate is also encrypted. Next, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) provides encryption of every detail that passes between a server and a client. SSL also requires the client to have a digital certificate, so the web browser can communicate securely with the client. The web pages that use SSL will usually begin with https as opposed to http. SSL is available in 40 and 128-bit encryption. Secured HTTP (S-HTTP) allows individuals to choose encryption for data that pass through a client and a server. When using S-HTTP, the client and the server must have a digital certificate. This makes S-HTTP more difficult to use then SSL, but on the other hand, it is more secured. Companies that have to use verify a client such as online banking companies use S-HTTP. Also, mobile users can also access computer networks through a virtual private network. When mobile users successfully logon to a main office using some type of standard Internet connection, a virtual private network (VPN) allows the mobile user to secure the connection. VPNs encrypt data as it passes from a notebook computer or any other mobile device so it won’t be intercepted. Regardless of your security method, I will highly recommend using the most powerfulness safeguard which is a backup. It prevents data loss from several of sources such as system failure for one. A backup is simply a backup of a file, program, or desk that can be used in place of the original if its loss, destroyed, or corrupted. If the files are destroyed, then you can replace them by restoring it, which copies the backed up files into their original position in the computer.
Posted by Nandy on 5:00 PM
Today, many people rely on computers to do homework, work, and create or store useful information. Therefore, it is important for the information on the computer to be stored and kept properly. It is also extremely important for people on computers to protect their computer from data loss, misuse, and abuse. For example, it is crucial for businesses to keep information they have secure so that hackers can’t access the information. Home users also need to take means to make sure that their credit card numbers are secure when they are participating in online transactions. A computer security risk is any action that could cause lost of information, software, data, processing incompatibilities, or cause damage to computer hardware, a lot of these are planned to do damage. An intentional breach in computer security is known as a computer crime which is slightly different from a cyber crime.
A cyber crime is known as illegal acts based on the internet and is one of the FBI’s top priorities. There are several distinct categories for people that cause cyber crimes, and they are refereed as hacker, cracker, cyber terrorist, cyber extortionist, unethical employee, script kiddie and corporate spy. The term hacker was actually known as a good word but now it has a very negative view. A hacker is defined as someone who accesses a computer or computer network unlawfully. They often claim that they do this to find leaks in the security of a network. The term cracker has never been associated with something positive this refers to someone how intentionally access a computer or computer network for evil reasons. It’s basically an evil hacker. They access it with the intent of destroying, or stealing information. Both crackers and hackers are very advanced with network skills. A cyber terrorist is someone who uses a computer network or the internet to destroy computers for political reasons. It’s just like a regular terrorist attack because it requires highly skilled individuals, millions of dollars to implement, and years of planning. The term cyber extortionist is someone who uses emails as an offensive force. They would usually send a company a very threatening email stating that they will release some confidential information, exploit a security leak, or launch an attack that will harm a company’s network. They will request a paid amount to not proceed sort of like black mailing in a since. An unethical employee is an employee that illegally accesses their company’s network for numerous reasons. One could be the money they can get from selling top secret information, or some may be bitter and want revenge. A script kiddie is someone who is like a cracker because they may have the intentions of doing harm, but they usually lack the technical skills. They are usually silly teenagers that use prewritten hacking and cracking programs.
A corporate spy has extremely high computer and network skills and is hired to break into a specific computer or computer network to steal or delete data and information. Shady companies hire these type people in a practice known as corporate espionage. They do this to gain an advantage over their competition an illegal practice. Business and home users must do their best to protect or safeguard their computers from security risks. The next part of this article will give some pointers to help protect your computer. However, one must remember that there is no one hundred percent guarantee way to protect your computer so becoming more knowledgeable about them is a must during these days. When you transfer information over a network it has a high security risk compared to information transmitted in a business network because the administrators usually take some extreme measures to help protect against security risks. Over the internet there is no powerful administrator which makes the risk a lot higher. If your not sure if your computer is vulnerable to a computer risk than you can always use some-type of online security service which is a website that checks your computer for email and Internet vulnerabilities. The company will then give some pointers on how to correct these vulnerabilities. The Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center is a place that can do this. The typical network attacks that puts computers at risk includes viruses, worms, spoofing, Trojan horses, and denial of service attacks. Every unprotected computer is vulnerable to a computer virus which is a potentially harming computer program that infects a computer negatively and altering the way the computer operates without the user’s consent. Once the virus is in the computer it can spread throughout infecting other files and potentially damaging the operating system itself. It’s similar to a bacteria virus that infects humans because it gets into the body through small openings and can spread to other parts of the body and can cause some damage. The similarity is, the best way to avoid is preparation. A computer worm is a program that repeatedly copies itself and is very similar to a computer virus. However the difference is that a virus needs o attach itself to an executable file and become a part of it. A computer worm doesn’t need to do that I seems copies to itself and to other networks and eats up a lot of bandwidth. A Trojan Horse named after the famous Greek myth and is used to describe a program that secretly hides and actually looks like a legitimate program but is a fake.
A certain action usually triggers the Trojan horse, and unlike viruses and worms they don’t replicate itself. Computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses are all classifies as malicious-logic programs which are just programs that deliberately harms a computer. Although these are the common three there are many more variations and it would be almost impossible to list them. You know when a computer is infected by a virus, worm, or Trojan horse if one or more of these acts happen:
Screen shots of weird messages or pictures appear.
You have less available memory then you expected
Music or sounds plays randomly.
Files get corrupted
Programs are files don’t work properly
Unknown files or programs randomly appear
System properties fluctuate
Computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses deliver their payload or instructions through four common ways. One, when an individual runs an infected program so if you download a lot of things you should always scan the files before executing, especially executable files. Second, is when an individual runs an infected program. Third, is when an individual bots a computer with an infected drive, so that’s why it’s important to not leave media files in your computer when you shut it down. Fourth is when it connects an unprotected computer to a network. Today, a very common way that people get a computer virus, worm, or Trojan horse is when they open up an infected file through an email attachment. There are literally thousands of computer malicious logic programs and new one comes out by the numbers so that’s why it’s important to keep up to date with new ones that come out each day.
Many websites keep track of this. There is no known method for completely protecting a computer or computer network from computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, but people can take several precautions to significantly reduce their chances of being infected by one of those malicious programs. Whenever you start a computer you should have no removable media in he drives. This goes for CD, DVD, and floppy disks. When the computer starts up it tries to execute a bot sector on the drives and even if it’s unsuccessful any given various on the bot sector can infect the computer’s hard disk. If you must start the computer for a particular reason, such as the hard disk fails and you are trying to reformat the drive make sure that the disk is not infected.
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